And lets not forget the largest of them all the foramen magnum. Blood vessels invade the resulting spaces, not only enlarging the cavities but also carrying osteogenic cells with them, many of which will become osteoblasts. 2. Retrieved from: Lanfermann H, Raab P, Kretschmann H-J, Weinrich W. (2019). (Updated April 2020). The world of Skull and Bones is a treasure trove to explore as you sail to the furthest reaches of the Indian Ocean. The frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, and ethmoid and sphenoid bones. During the third week of embryonic development, a rod-like structure called the notochord develops dorsally along the length of the embryo. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For example, some craniofacial abnormalities can be corrected with surgery. Bones continue to grow in length until early adulthood. As more matrix is produced, the chondrocytes in the center of the cartilaginous model grow in size. Chondrocytes in the next layer, the zone of maturation and hypertrophy, are older and larger than those in the proliferative zone. The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone. In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ? Ribas GC. This portion provides protection to the brain and to the 5 organs of special senses: Olfaction, vision, taste, vestibular function and auditory function [1]. Emily is a health communication consultant, writer, and editor at EVR Creative, specializing in public health research and health promotion. When the chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate cease their proliferation and bone replaces all the cartilage, longitudinal growth stops. Two fontanelles usually are present on a newborn's skull: On the top of the middle head, just forward of center (anterior fontanelle) In the back of the middle of the head (posterior fontanelle) Biologydictionary.net Editors. The sphenoid is occasionally listed as a bone of the viscerocranium. What do ligaments hold together in a joint? Developing bird embryos excrete most of their nitrogenous waste as uric acid because ________. The longitudinal growth of bone is a result of cellular division in the proliferative zone and the maturation of cells in the zone of maturation and hypertrophy. The midsagittal section below shows the difference between the relatively smooth upper surface and the bumpy, grooved lower surface. All bone formation is a replacement process. Primarily, the palatine bone serves a structural function, with its shape helping carve out important structures within the head and defining the lower wall of the inside of cranium. Osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix) secreted around the capillaries results in a trabecular matrix, while osteoblasts on the surface of the spongy bone become the periosteum (Figure \(\PageIndex{1.c}\)). They articulate with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones, as well as with each other at the top of the head (see the final image in the five views below). The osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified matrix consisting of collagen precursors and other organic proteins, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts are deposited on it, thereby entrapping the osteoblasts within. Craniofacial Development and Growth. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. There are two osteogenic pathwaysintramembranous ossification and endochondral ossificationbut in the end, mature bone is the same regardless of the pathway that produces it. In the embryo, the vault bones develop through ossification of the ectomeninx - the outer membranous layer surrounding the brain; while the cranial base develops through an additional cartilaginous stage, 2, 16 the significance of which will be discussed later (Individual bones spanning both regions fuse at a later stage). These cells then differentiate directly into bone producing cells, which form the skull bones through the process of intramembranous ossification. droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lecture%20outlines/skeletal%20system%20I%20with%20figures.htm, library.open.oregonstate.edu/aandp/chapter/6-2-bone-classification, opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/7-1-the-skull, rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial-dysplasia, rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1581/craniometaphyseal-dysplasia-autosomal-dominant, aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Craniosynostosis-and-Craniofacial-Disorders, hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/head_injury_85,P00785, brainline.org/article/head-injury-prevention-tips, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibrous-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353197, mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/healthy-baby/art-20045964, upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/pages/osteoma.aspx, columbianeurosurgery.org/conditions/skull-fractures/symptoms, Everything You Need to Know About Muscle Stiffness, What You Should Know About Primary Lateral Sclerosis, clear fluid or blood draining from your ears or nose, alternating the direction your babys head faces when putting them to bed, holding your baby when theyre awake instead of placing them in a crib, swing, or carrier, when possible, changing the arm you hold your baby with when feeding, allowing your child to play on their stomach under close supervision. The first four in the following list are the most important: Cranial and facial bones slightly overlap according to textbook sources. Below, the position of the various sinuses shows how adept the brain is at removing waste products and extra fluid from its extremely delicate tissues. For instance, skull base meningiomas, which grow on the base of the skull, are more difficult to remove than convexity meningiomas, which grow on top of the brain. In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue, but in endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. Q. However, the exact function of Six1 during craniofacial development remains elusive. Intramembranous ossification begins in utero during fetal development and continues on into adolescence. Cranial fossae are three depressions in the floor of the cranium. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System, Chapter 12. 866.588.2264. Cranial bones develop ________. The Anatomy of the Central Nervous System, Cerobrospinal Fluid (CSF) Rhinorrhea Symptoms and Treatment, An Overview of a Newborns Skull: Parietal Bones and Sutures, The Anatomy of the Middle Meningeal Artery, Halo Vest vs. Spinal Fusion: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More. The genetic mutation that causes OI affects the bodys production of collagen, one of the critical components of bone matrix. The space containing the brain is the cranial cavity. The two main parts of the cranium are the cranial roof and the cranial base. Chondrocytes in the next layer, the zone of maturation and hypertrophy, are older and larger than those in the proliferative zone. Some other conditions that can affect the cranial bones include: With all the structures in your head and neck, its sometimes hard to pinpoint when symptoms are coming from an issue with the cranial bones. Brain size influences the timing of. The Viscerocranium is further divided into: B. The epiphyseal plate is the area of elongation in a long bone. Options may include a mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, or removal of skin lesions. Q. Smoking and being overweight are especially risky in people with OI, since smoking is known to weaken bones, and extra body weight puts additional stress on the bones. Toward that end, safe exercises, like swimming, in which the body is less likely to experience collisions or compressive forces, are recommended. The osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified matrix, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts are deposited on it, thereby entrapping the osteoblasts within. Cranial bones develop A) within fibrous membranes B) within osseous membranes C) from cartilage models Interstitial growth occurs in hyaline cartilage of epiphyseal plate, increases length of growing bone. Bone is now deposited within the structure creating the primary ossification center(Figure 6.4.2c). As distinct from facial bones, it is formed through endochondral ossification. This framework is a flexible, semi-solid matrix produced by chondroblasts and consists of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, collagen fibers, and water. In some cases, metal rods may be surgically implanted into the long bones of the arms and legs. They stay connected throughout adulthood. Treatment focuses on helping the person retain as much independence as possible while minimizing fractures and maximizing mobility. There are four types of skull fractures, which may or may not require surgical intervention based on the severity. Craniofacial development requires intricate cooperation between multiple transcription factors and signaling pathways. You can see this small indentation at the bottom of the neurocranium. Appointments & Locations. Q. Cranial nerves send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. A fracture refers to any type of break in a bone. The sutures are flexible, the bones can overlap during birthing, preventing the baby's head from pressing against the baby's brain and causing damage.What are t rachellelunaa rachellelunaa 04/09/2021 The skull and jaws were key innovations in vertebrate evolution, vital for a predatory lifestyle. During the Bronze Age some 3,500 years ago, the town of Megiddo, currently in northern Israel, was a thriving center of trade. Thus, the zone of calcified matrix connects the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis. Introduction. With a scientific background and a passion for creative writing, her work illustrates the value of evidence-based information and creativity in advancing public health. Once cartilage cannot grow further, the structure cannot elongate more. The cranium is divided into the cranial roof or . There are several types of skull fracture that can affect cranial bones, such as: In many cases, skull fractures arent as painful as they sound, and they often heal on their own without surgery. Mayo Clinic Staff. It articulates with fifteen cranial and facial bones. Once entrapped, the osteoblasts become osteocytes (Figure 6.4.1b). (2018). Learn the major cranial bone names and anatomy of the skull using this mnemonic and labeled diagram. Cartilage does not become bone. All of these functions are carried on by diffusion through the matrix from vessels in the surroundingperichondrium, a membrane that covers the cartilage,a). Evaluate your skill level in just 10 minutes with QUIZACK smart test system. More descriptive terms include skull base and cranial floor. The first mechanism produces the bones that form the top and sides of the brain case. Bones Axial: Skull, vertebrae column, rib cage Appendicular: Limbs, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs By shape: Long: Longer than wide; Humerus; Diaphysis (medullary cavity: has yellow bone marrow): middle part of the long bone, only compact bone, Sharpey's fibers hold peristeum to bone Epiphyses: spongey bone surrounded by compact ends of the long bone Epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage . As the baby's brain grows, the skull can become more misshapen. For example, meningioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor, making up about one-third of all brain tumors; they are usually benign (not cancerous). Remodeling goes on continuously in the skeleton, regulated by genetic factors and two control loops that serve different homeostatic conditions. While bones are increasing in length, they are also increasing in diameter; growth in diameter can continue even after longitudinal growth ceases. The neurocranium has several sutures or articulations. However, in infancy, the cranial bones have gaps between them and are connected by connective tissue. During the maturation of the skull, it is categorically divided into two main parts: the viscerocranium and the neurocranium. Since I see individuals from all ages, and a lot of children, it's important to know the stages of growth in the craniofascial system, and how this applies to the patterns you have now. From the coasts of Africa to the East Indies discover distinct regions each with their own unique ecosystems. This is called appositional growth. They also help you make facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue. In infancy, the eight cranial bones are not quite sewn together, which allows for brain growth. Its commonly linked to diseases that affect normal bone function or structure. The answer is A) mark as brainliest. Normally, the human skull has twenty-two bones - fourteen facial skeleton bones and eight cranial bones. This is a large hole that allows the brain and brainstem to connect to the spine. Certain cranial tumors and conditions tend to show up in specific areas of the skull baseat the front (near the eye sockets), the middle, or the back. How does skull bone develop? The process in which matrix is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another is known as bone modeling. The cranial vault (which encloses the brain) bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. The zebrafish cranial roof parallels that of higher vertebrates and contains five major bones: one pair of frontal bones, one pair of parietal bones, and the supraoccipital bone. Chapter 1. The total 8 cranial bones form the cranial cavity, which protects the brain, these are frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone. Once entrapped, the osteoblasts become osteocytes (Figure \(\PageIndex{1.b}\)). It makes new chondrocytes (via mitosis) to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate. Cranial vault, calvaria/calvarium, or skull-cap. D cells release ________, which inhibits the release of gastrin. Mayo Clinic Staff. Cranial bone anatomy can be confusing when we consider the various terms used to describe different areas. Let me first give a little anatomy on some of the cranial bones. During development, these are replaced by bone during the ossification process. The cranial bones are developed in the mesenchymal tissue surrounding the head end of the notochord. Intramembranous ossification is complete by the end of the adolescent growth spurt, while endochondral ossification lasts into young adulthood. But some fractures are mild enough that they can heal without much intervention. The cranial base is of crucial importance in integrated craniofacial development. Instead, cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone. Cranial Bones Develop From: Tendons O Cartilage. Q. As the cartilage grows, capillaries penetrate it. Q. Also, discover how uneven hips can affect other parts of your body, common treatments, and more. When bones do break, casts, splints, or wraps are used. a. bones b. muscles c. bone and muscle d. cartilage and bone; 1. Instead, cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone. The cranial bones remain separate for about 12 to 18 months. Bowing of the long bones and curvature of the spine are also common in people afflicted with OI. By the sixth or seventh week of embryonic life, the actual process of bone development, ossification (osteogenesis), begins. The cranium has bones that protect the face and brain. Craniosynostosis (kray-nee-o-sin-os-TOE-sis) is a disorder present at birth in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of your baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before your baby's brain is fully formed. When bones do break, casts, splints, or wraps are used. It is also called brittle bone disease. The epiphyseal plate is composed of four zones of cells and activity (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Where do cranial bones develop? Those with the most severe forms of the disease sustain many more fractures than those with a mild form. It also gives a surface for the facial muscles to attach to. The irregularly-shaped sphenoid bone articulates with twelve cranial and facial bones. Each temporal bone has sutures with a greater wing of the sphenoid bone and its neighboring parietal bone. A review of hedgehog signaling in cranial bone development Authors Angel Pan 1 , Le Chang , Alan Nguyen , Aaron W James Affiliation 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. One type of meningioma is sphenoid wing meningioma, where the tumor forms on the base of the skull behind the eyes; it accounts for approximately 20% of all meningiomas. The rate of growth is controlled by hormones, which will be discussed later. During intramembranous ossification, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue. The bones are connected by suture lines where they grow together. Sphenosquamous suture: vertical join between the greater wings of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bones. You can also make sure you child doesnt stay in one position for too long. These chondrocytes do not participate in bone growth but secure the epiphyseal plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis. They then grow together as part of normal growth. A. On the diaphyseal side of the growth plate, cartilage calcifies and dies, then is replaced by bone (figure 6.43, zones of hypertrophy and maturation, calcification and ossification). As the matrix surrounds and isolates chondroblasts, they are called chondrocytes. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage structures with bone, while intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone tissue from mesenchymal connective tissue. - A) From cartilage models - B) Within fibrous membranes - C) From a tendon - D) Within osseous membranes Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant. Unlike most connective tissues, cartilage is avascular, meaning that it has no blood vessels supplying nutrients and removing metabolic wastes. The cranium houses and protects the brain. Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage structures with bone, while intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone tissue from mesenchymal connective tissue. Soon after, the perichondrium, a membrane that covers the cartilage, appears Figure \(\PageIndex{2.b}\)). More Biology MCQ Questions Cross bridge detachment is caused by ________ binding to the myosin head. The sides of the neurocranium are formed by the parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. The bones in your skull can be divided into the cranial bones, which form your cranium, and facial bones, which make up your face. A bone grows in length when osseous tissue is added to the diaphysis. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones) are formed via intramembranous ossification. Frequent and multiple fractures typically lead to bone deformities and short stature. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/cranial-bones/. This cartilage is a flexible, semi-solid matrix produced by chondroblasts and consists of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, collagen fibers, and water. Suture lines connect the bones, where they develop together. result of the cranial bones fusing too early, This source does not include the ethmoid and sphenoid in both categories, one of the meningeal arteries lies just under the pterion, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519545/. Copyright 2021 Quizack . The 8 cranial bones are the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. At the side of the head, it articulates with the parietal bones, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone. Cranial bones develop ________. Appositional growth can occur at the endosteum or peristeum where osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity, while osteoblasts produce new bone tissue. For example, the hypoglossal nerve controls the movements of the tongue so that you can chew and speak. This remodeling of bone primarily takes place during a bones growth. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Here's a cool thing to remember about the skull bones: in the cranium, two bones come in pairs, but all the others are single bones. Remodeling occurs as bone is resorbed and replaced by new bone. Viscerocranium: the bottom part of the skull that makes up the face and lower jaw. Learn about causes of uneven hips, such as scoliosis. Together, the cranial floor and cranial vault form the neurocranium, Anterior cranial fossa: houses the frontal lobe, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and orbital gyri (, Middle cranial fossa: a butterfly-shaped indentation that houses the temporal lobes, features channels for ophthalmic structures, and separates the pituitary gland from the nasal cavity, Posterior cranial fossa: contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata; the point of access between the brain and spinal canal, Coronal suture: between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone, Sagittal suture: between the left and right parietal bones, Lambdoidal suture: between the top of the occipital bone and the back of the parietal bones, Metopic suture: only found in newborns between the two halves of the frontal bone that, once fused (very early in life), become a single bone, Squamous suture: between the temporal and parietal bones. This bone forms the ridges of the brows and the area just above the bridge of the nose called the glabella. Which bone sits in the center of the skull between the eye sockets and helps form parts of the nasal and orbital cavities? This growth within a tissue is calledinterstitial growth. It is, therefore, perfectly acceptable to list them in both groups. StatPearls Publishing. This bone helps form the nasal and oral cavities, the roof of the mouth, and the lower . The cranium is part of the skull anatomy. Symptoms that suggest some type of cranial bone fracture include: Symptoms of a structural issue with the cranial bones include: Your cranial bones are the main defense system for your brain, so its important to maintain their health by: If you have an infant, be sure to monitor their head for anything unusual. cranial bones: [plural noun] those bones of the skull that enclose the brain compare cranial segment. These can be felt as soft spots. The severity of the disease can range from mild to severe. Fibrous dysplasia. These enlarging spaces eventually combine to become the medullary cavity. Frontoethmoidal suture: very short suture between the orbital projections of the frontal and ethmoid bones, Petrosquamous suture: refers to the join between the petrous and squamous parts of the temporal bone, close to the middle ear and at the skull base, Sphenoethmoidal suture: between the sphenoid and ethmoid bones, Sphenopetrosal suture: joins the greater wing of the sphenoid bone with the petrous part of the temporal bone, Sphenoid bone (1 depending on the source), Ethmoid bone (1 depending on the source), Maxillae (2 sometimes considered to be 1 fused bone), Mandible (1 sometimes considered to be 2 fused bones). The entire skull is made up of 22 bones, eight of which are cranial bones. The proliferative zone is the next layer toward the diaphysis and contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes. The reserve zone is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones) are formed via intramembranous ossification. By Emily Brown, MPH The final bone of the cranial vault is the occipital bone at the back of the head. There are several types of craniosynostosis, depending on the sutures they affect: Craniosynostosis requires surgical treatment to avoid later complications. Other conditions of the cranium include tumors and fractures. The cranial floor is much more complex than the vault. Others are caused by rare genetic conditions such as: Other associated conditions are due to tumors on the skull base. Modeling primarily takes place during a bones growth. The primary purpose of the cranium is to contain and protect the brain. The two parietal bones continue the shape of the cranial vault; these are quadrilateral, smooth, and curved bony plates. The bones of the skull are formed in two different ways; intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are responsible for creating compact cortical bone or spongy bone. They are not visible in the above image. Cranial neural crest cells form the flat bones of the skull, clavicle, and the cranial bones (excluding a portion of the temporal and occipital bones. Throughout fetal development and into childhood growth and development, bone forms on the cartilaginous matrix. By the time the fetal skeleton is fully formed, cartilage remains at the epiphyses and at the joint surface as articular cartilage. Because collagen is such an important structural protein in many parts of the body, people with OI may also experience fragile skin, weak muscles, loose joints, easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, brittle teeth, blue sclera, and hearing loss. A bone grows in length when osseous tissue is added to the diaphysis.
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