The Five Kinds of Dictatorship 1. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. Is North Korea a dictatorship? An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. The Countries with Dictatorships in the Modern World As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. First is that an autocracy nearly always focuses power in a single individual person, whereas dictatorshipssingle-party dictatorships in particularsometimes spread the power throughout a small group of people (say, the leaders of the dictator's political party). A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. [13] After power is seized, the group must determine what positions its members will hold in the new government and how this government will operate, sometimes resulting in disagreements that split the group. One person holds all of the country's power. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. The totalitarian dictatorship in the People's Republic of China , from 1949 to the present. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. Factions or divisions among the elites will mitigate their ability to bargain with the dictator, resulting in the dictator having more unrestrained power. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. Uganda. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. Poverty has a destabilizing effect on government, causing democracy to fail and regimes to fall more often. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. Dictatorships have arisen throughout history, usually in times of crisis. If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. ], Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996,[5] and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP dataset) proposed by Przeworski et al. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. The legislature must be popularly elected. Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. The economic focus of a dictatorship often depends on the strength of the opposition, as a weaker opposition allows a dictator to extract additional wealth from the economy through corruption.[125]. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. Monarchies: 3. Equatorial Guinea. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . [8]:456. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". Latin America's new generation of dictators. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. Reading Time: 4 minutes. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. 2. In the past, they wore olive-green uniforms and used military might to gain power. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. Zimbabwe - 1980 to present - Robert Mugabe. The dictator is the absolute ruler. This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship. Obiang's regime is known for state-sanctioned kidnappings, torture of prisoners, and unlawful killings. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. Other countries with dictatorships and authoritarian rule, such as Cuba, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Belarus, could also be considered totalitarian governments. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. The . [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. [89] Military coups were also a common occurrence after decolonisation, with 14 African countries experiencing at least three successful military coups between 1959 and 2001. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. [134] Revolution takes place when the opposition group grows large enough that elites in the regime cannot suppress it or choose not to. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. When necessary, a dictator may also make an effort to replace or amend the nation's constitution to empower, enrich, or otherwise benefit the dictator and his/her allies to a greater degree. In fact, you may devise any chart you like concerning politics or anything else and label left and right however you choose. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. 1. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. African Dictators If you think that today's world is all about democracy, human rights, and freedoms, you live in a total illusion and you should definitely read our list of 15 countries with dictatorships today. United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. Countries that start with: Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. Right now, 74% families are homeowners. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. Explore a few of the famous ones. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Political culture: 5.00. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. [42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be preserved in the socialist countries to assure that the reeducated minds of the workers already lucky enough to live under socialism were not re-infected by capitalist ideas coming in from outside the people's collectivist . The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc.
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