They contain a pit with two seeds, which should be removed before eating. Effect of Ziziphus jujube Fruit Infusion on Lipid Profiles, Glycaemic Index and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. This is associated with an increase in intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and an increase in fecal moisture content, so it may be 'healthier' than other laxatives (to stretch the usage of the term 'healthy'). They also contain a fair amount of potassium, which plays vital roles in muscle control and electrolyte balance (2). All rights reserved. Jujube is a date-like fruit that grows on the Ziziphus jujuba tree. Jujube (Ziziphus, Chinese date, hong zao or annab) is native to Asia. It can be caused by a variety of things like stress, poor diet, and lack of exercise. An extract of jujube fruit administered to gerbils proved to have a neuroprotective effect after 10 days. Jujube promotes learning and memory in a rat model by increasing estrogen levels in the blood and nitric oxide and acetylcholine levels in the brain. A study published in Digestion investigated the safety and efficacy of an extract of jujube onpeople with prolonged transit time, which is indicative of constipation. When you have a dry throat, it can be difficult to swallow and it can also become irritated, resulting in a persistent cough. In this article, we will look at the health benefits of jujube, its safety, and its history. Plus, test-tube studies have found that jujube extracts kill several types of cancer cells, including ovarian, cervical, breast, liver, colon, and skin cancer cells (20, 21, 22, 23). The seed oils of jujube were found to have anti-inflammatory properties ( 13 ). This fruit can also be used for digestive support, including as an appetite stimulant or digestive aid. Both the seeds and fruit have been used . Jujube fruit has been eaten and used in traditional medicine for over 3,000 years. Learn more about tamarind here. Anti-atherogenic potential of jujube, saffron and barberry: anti-diabetic and antioxidant actions. The fruit also appears to have strong potential for reducing diabetic symptoms, inflammation, and remedying anemia. Smoked jujubes are eaten in Vietnam and are referred to as black jujubes. Fresh jujubes are sweet and have an apple-like texture. Phytotherapy research: PTR, 28(11), 17271730. Type II diabetes is characterized by excess glucose in the bloodstream (i.e. Jujube fruit and seed extracts have been found to increase sleep time and quality in rats (9, 10). But what are the benefits of aloe vera for hair? It helps manage blood pressure. (2016). The jujube tree, fruit, and seeds have been cultivated in China for at least 7240 years and 95% of production still remains in China. May Reduce Stress And Anxiety Traditionally, jujube has been used to treat the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. John October 28, 2021. Other common names for jujube include red date, Chinese jujube, or Chinese date. One of the health benefits of red dates tea is its ability to prevent anemia, another benefit from their high iron content. (2013). Phytotherapy research: PTR, 31(5), 755762. Jujube fruits, also known as red or Chinese dates, are low in calories and rich in fiber and other nutrients. Other purported jujube health benefits include: The Botanical Safety Handbook puts jujube in the safety class of 1, meaning it can be safely used by most individuals. Some other yummy jujube recipe ideas include: If youre native to Oregon, you likely know all about marionberries. J. Experi. The blood-nourishing functions of jujube, due in part to flavonoids, polysaccharides and triterpenoid, can generally help support a healthy cardiovascular system and metabolic functions. 9. Gastrointestinal tract health involves a number of key organs such as the stomach, small and larger intestines, and bowel movements. Is jujube fruit good for kidney patients? 23, 102109. It appears to be pro-motility in regards to the intestines, speeding up transit time and encouraging defecation. You should avoid overeating during pregnancy as it may lead to constipation. Another animal study proved that polysaccharides found in jujube may have the ability to protect the GI tract, which makes jujube one of the best herbs for inflammatory bowel disease. One study in particular conducted in Iran tested the water extract of dried jujube fruit for possible anticancer effects and induction of apoptosis (automatic cell death) of human tumor cell lines. It is also rich in zinc, which also helps in the fetus's brain development and cognitive functions. Artificially induced polyploidization is one of the most effective techniques for improving the biological properties and creating new cultivars of fruit trees. A 3-ounce (100-gram) serving of raw jujube, or about 3 fruits, provides (1, 2): Due to their high fiber content and low calorie count, jujubes make an excellent, healthy snack. Becoming a Vegetarian: Foods to Choose From, Makes you feel full for longer, which can help you with weight loss, Reduces your risk of diseases like colorectal cancer. It has apparently potent benefits according to Traditional Chinese Medicine, but there is limited human evidence and evidence in general on the benefits of Ziziphus Jujuba. Believe it or not, this fruit has been consumed for its health benefits for nearly 2,500 years! Jujube fruit is also rich in vitamin C, which is thought to have powerful anticancer properties. why was pavlov experiment important scunthorpe crematorium funerals this week who owns mastro's restaurant bae juice benefits interesting facts about new york colony cobra px655 frequency chart. 0. May help with digestion and constipation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. The seeds of the jujube fruithave been specifically implicated in reducing anxiety in animal subjects. It has apparently potent benefits according to Traditional Chinese Medicine, but there is limited human evidence and evidence in general on the benefits of Ziziphus Jujuba. Jujube doesnt have a high demand for water and is very drought-tolerant. Jujube's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities may deliver broad benefits and protections to the heart and cardiovascular system. Lab studies indicate that ber fruit helps maintain the structure and function of brain cells along with promoting neuron (brain cell) formation and cell signalling. 2. Apart from the consumption of jujube fruit as food, jujube also has a deep history in traditional Chinese medicine. In a rat study, jujube extract boosted immune cells called natural killer cells, which can destroy harmful invader cells (18). jujube benefits for fertility. This nutrient helps soften and add bulk to your stool. Excessive levels of free radicals in the body are linked with an accelerated aging process as well as more serious health concerns, like cancer and heart disease. Digestion, 78(4), 224228. The extract proved to inhibit oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. In the winter months, many people are affected by coughs and colds due to the dryness of the air. Decreased levels of inflammation and free radicals can help prevent chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (16). Helps Bone Health. Jujube may boost immunity and fight the growth of cancer cells. When ripe, the fruit turns dark red. This is especially important if you take antidepressant medications, such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, which may be impacted by the effects of jujube fruit. Research in mice even suggests that jujube seed extracts may help treat dementia caused by Alzheimers. This can lead to constant hunger, vision problems, kidney disease, weight gain, and more. Due to their ability to fight free radicals, antioxidants may offer several health benefits. Jujube tea is a great way to increase your intake of vitamin B and C. Photo Credit: Shutterstock. Jujube has high fiber content. The dried fruit is commonly used to support a healthy gastrointestinal tract and protect the nervous system. Jujubes are a powerhouse of essential vitamins and antioxidants. Horticulture research, 7, 119.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, Mahmoudi, R., Ansari, S., Haghighizadeh, M. H., Maram, N. S., & Montazeri, S. (2020). Due to rich supply of antioxidants, overall, scientific studies show jujubes impressive ability to helpkill off tumor cells, making jujube fruit a potential cancer-fighting food. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.963, Naftali, T., Feingelernt, H., Lesin, Y., Rauchwarger, A., & Konikoff, F. M. (2008). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Jujube has a long history of use in China. Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. EXCLI journal, 14, 908915. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701192827, Kandeda, A. K., Nguedia, D., Ayissi, E. R., Kouamouo, J., & Dimo, T. (2021). Dried, they have a chewy texture and taste similar to dates. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537103/, United Plant Savers, U. The fruit was also said to relieve mental tension and calm the mind. The dried fruit is commonly used to support a healthy gastrointestinal tract and protect the nervous system. A 100-gram serving of dried jujube has 6 grams of dietary fiber. Today theyre most popular in places such as China, Korea, India, Japan and the Middle East. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Are There Side Effects from Eating Jujube Fruit? It appears to be pro-motility in regards to the intestines, speeding up transit time and encouraging defecation. One mouse study found high-dose vitamin C injections killed thyroid cancer cells (3, 19). Researchers believe that these benefits are primarily a result of the antioxidant compounds in the fruit. bad cholesterol). As a highly adaptive tree, the jujube tree can grow up to 30ft tall bearing bright red fruit. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help protect against disease and improve overall health. How is Jujube Traditionally Used? Supports Cognitive Health, Plus Uplifting and Calming Siobhan is a herbal researcher and writer. They should be greenish-yellow to yellowish-red in color with a smooth skin. More recently, jujube has been used in the food industry as a food additive and flavoring [ 1 ]. Fresh jujubefruit can be eaten raw or used in place of apples in any recipe. A small study found that those who took liquid jujube extract had improved constipation symptoms compared to those who took a placebo. Modern research shows that jujube may be helpful for brain health, sleep, and gastrointestinal issues. SHARES. Due to their antioxidant content, they may offer some health benefits, but more human research is needed. Chan School of Public Health: Antioxidants., HortScience: Past, Present, and Future of JujubesChinese Dates in the United States., Linus Pauling Institute: Vitamin C., National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Antioxidants: In Depth., NC Cooperative Extension: Jujube, an Uncommon Fruit., Research Journal of Pharmacognosy: Evaluation of anti-melanogenic activity of Ziziphus jujuba fruits obtained by two different extraction methods.. There is little evidence to support the idea that jujube may interfere with fertility. What Is Tamarind? If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Research shows that jujube benefits the GI tract. Dr. Chen Yong Zhi was a famous Chinese herbalist that used red dates to treat over 1,000 patients suffering from high blood pressure and other cardiovascular issues.6, A blood deficiency can be caused by a low intake of iron, which is one of the health benefits of red dates tea. You can also purchase dried jujubes online. the good cholesterol), the level of antioxidants in the blood, and decreased levels of LDL cholesterol (i.e. Additionally, vitamin C and other compounds found within this fruit are thought to have natural antibacterial and antimicrobial effects. Also, the fruit is often prescribed by alternative medicine practitioners to decrease anxiety. The antioxidants in red date tea can help by neutralizing the free radicals before they damage your cells.10, Amino acids are an important vitamin for improving your muscle tone. Finally, the fiber in jujube may serve as food for your beneficial gut bacteria, allowing them to grow and overtake harmful bacteria (24). 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Due to their sweet taste and chewy texture, theyre often dried and used in candies and desserts in parts of Asia where they commonly grow. Additionally, the health benefits of red dates tea can help with weight loss, digestion, and energy levels. Jujube fruits have long been used in alternative medicine to treat conditions like insomnia and anxiety. The saponins found in jujube can help to lower cholesterol. Jujube fruit has shown promise towards supporting individuals with diabetes. They contain small amounts of several vitamins and minerals but are particularly rich in vitamin C, an important vitamin with antioxidant and immune-boosting properties (3). Still, keep in mind that dried fruits are higher in calories than fresh ones. Jujubes are rich in minerals, which help to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis. The extract was administered on the WBCs (macrophages), the researchers note that it was fast-acting as results appeared around the 24-hour mark. Some early studies using goji berry juice found possible benefits that included: A feeling of well-being and calmness. In traditional Chinese herbal text books pregnant women are often given dates as a daily dose of health to nourish their bodies and regulate blood flow. (2014). Jujube fruits have been used in traditional medicines for thousands of years. The fruit can be stored (dried) for over a year at room temp and even longer (2-3 years) if kept at refrigerated temperatures. I bet youve heard of the candies known as jujubes, juju fruits or Jujyfruits. Related: Genmaicha Tea Is the Herbal Sip Thats Scientifically Shown To Improve Weight Loss, Red dates stimulate the production of white blood cells, which helps to remove toxins from your blood. Due to a lack of safety data and evidence, jujube fruit should only be consumed during pregnancy and lactation under the supervision of a qualified health care practitioner. Jujube health benefits are not easy to ignore, and its taste makes it worth even more desirable to consume. It has an interaction class of A which suggests that no clinically relevant adverse reactions are expected to occur. One reason for its effectiveness in treating diabetes is the fact that it helps regulate glucose levels in your bloodstream. Various animal studies show that jujube benefits and protect the nervous system. Free radical damage is thought to be a major contributor to several chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers (5, 6, 7). Therefore, a cup of jujube tea before bed might be just the ticket to a restful nights sleep and help treat insomnia without drugs. Jujube fruits are small and sweet. Red dates contain a significant amount of iron, which is an essential mineral for many bodily functions including the reduction of fatigue and lethargy. There are currently no human studies on the sedative or anxiety-reducing effects of Jujube. It improves digestion. A diet thats high in fiber has many benefits, including: Jujube fruit extract may also help to relieve constipation. In a recent animal study, polysaccharides that were extracted from Ziziphus jujuba were found to bring balance to intestinal microbiota in mice. It has apparently potent benefits according to Traditional Chinese Medicine, but there is limited human evidence and evidence in general on the benefits of Ziziphus Jujuba. More human research is needed to fully understand how jujube extract may affect your brain and nervous system. Simply peel the skin and remove the single seed inside to use jujubes in an apple recipe. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, 2021, 6610864.https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6610864, Kandimalla, R., Dash, S., Kalita, S., Choudhury, B., Malampati, S., Devi, R., Ramanathan, M., Talukdar, N. C., & Kotoky, J. While jujube fruits are generally safe, they may interact with the seizure medications phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine, as well as the antidepressant venlafaxine and other SSNRIs. A 100-gram serving (about 3 fruits) contains: Vitamin C: 69 milligrams (about 77% of the recommended daily value). Jujube fruits are a rich source of compounds such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, and triterpenic acids. Jujube. In addition, components such as selenium, manganese, copper, and magnesium contained in jujube help bone development. It even has the ability to self-prune. Standard dosing for jujube fruit is as follows: Dried Fruit: 84g dried fruits per serving. If youre taking any of these drugs, you may want to discuss any possible concerns with your healthcare provider before adding jujube fruit to your diet. Also known as the red or Chinese date, the jujube fruit is quickly becoming one of the most . That said, the seeds themselves are not usually eaten (11, 12, 13, 14). Research has shown that jujube fruit have potential anticancer, sleep-promoting and mood-improving effects. Jujube fruit can be enjoyed in a variety of different waysincluding sweet and savory dishesand there are numerous jujube fruit benefits that will quickly make you a fan . (2017). Another animal study demonstrated the ability of spinosin to prolong sleep time and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. Active Compounds in Jujube Antioxidants are substances that may prevent or delay types of cell damage, including damage caused by chemicals called free radicals. Subjectsreceived liquid Z. jujuba or placebo for 12 weeks. This tree isa species of Ziziphus in the buckthorn plant family (Rhamnaceae), which means its related to many other plants, vines and shrubs, some of which also have medical uses. The extract was administered to in vitro brain cells called astrocytes. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0531-0, Goyal R, Jialal I. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. High in antioxidants. Jujube was regarded as one of the top-grade medicinal herbs that had functions of nourishing blood, increasing sleep quality and improving the digestive system. Whats more, jujube vinegar, juice, marmalades, and honey are common in parts of Asia. Chinese jujube is used in traditional medicine to help promote sleep. Traditional usage suggests Jujube may be anti-fertility for females, and a single rat study appears to find similar effects (although did not measure actual conception rates, just uterus size and estrus); it would be prudent to avoid usage of Jujube if trying to conceive a child. In another animal study, an extract containing jujube, saffron (Crocus sativus), and barberry (Berberis vulgaris) was able to decrease the effects of oxidative stress and plaque build-up in the arteries of diabetic rats. During drying, the sugars in the fruit become concentrated, and additional sugar may be added during processing. It is especially useful in children who are under going chemotherapy, as they have very low immunity who are under going chemotherapy and are susceptible to infections. 10 Delicious Recipes to Lower Your A1C Levels, Durian Fruit: Potent smell but Incredibly Nutritious. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 5(6), 17551759. polysaccharides in a colorectal cancer mouse model. It may be as small as a cherry or as big as a plum. Jujube has high fiber content. In China, this fruit is known as li zhi and has been used for over a thousand years in alternative medicine with many traditional herbs. Employer fertility benefits have a dramatic and startling expansion amid the Great Resignation, experts say. They also offer several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C and potassium. Jujube fruit promotes fetal development by aiding in the production of blood cells with the help of folic acid. An in vitro study using jujube fruit extract showed that it was able to regulate the pro-inflammatory response of white blood cells. (2021). Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. Comparison of the sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides extracted from Semen Ziziphus jujube. Both the fruit and the seeds of jujube are used for their various health benefits. In an animal study with diabetic rats, jujube fruit powder was able to improve diabetic symptoms such as blood glucose and insulin levels over a 2-week period. Red date trees are thorny and can grow up to 25 feet tall. Jujubes can also beboiled, baked, stewed or dried. how do i choose my seat on alaska airlines? May improve sleep and brain function Jujubes are widely used in alternative medicine to improve sleep. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Jujube for sleep, stress, and anxiety As noted, jujube fruits have been utilized in Chinese medicine for hundreds of centuries, and Lashai says they've been primarily used to calm the mind and. Learn more about the dragon fruit, also called pitaya. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 11, 73.https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00073, Li, B., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, J. After turning fully red, the fruit begins to wrinkle and soften, but it is still edible. From jujube fruit benefits to how to eat jujube fruit, learn everything you need to know about the fruit. Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. * When consumed by growing children, it helps in growth, and when consumed by the elderly with weakened bones, it helps . The extract prevented damage that occurred when the gerbils werent getting enough blood to their brains. These small round fruits with a seed-containing pit grow on large flowering shrubs or trees (Ziziphus jujuba). Jujube fruit is low in calories but rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. In a trial involving postmenopausal women, the administration of jujube seed improved total sleep time (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). The most important benefits of jujube tea may include its possible ability to relieve constipation, strengthen the immune system, boost bone health and increase circulation, among others. { } Subscribe Subscribe . This Is the Very Best Tea To Brew If You Have Trouble Sleeping, Make This Herbal Super-Infusion Tea To Support Your Iron and Energy Levels, Genmaicha Tea Is the Herbal Sip Thats Scientifically Shown To Improve Weight Loss, Prince of Peace Dong Quai & Red Date Instant Tea, Gold Kili Honey Longan with Red Date Instant Tea, 15 Reasons Why Sea Daffodil is The Best Extract For Uneven Skin, This Mushroom Extract For Skin Is Your Key To Hydration, The Glow-Inducing Algae Skin Benefits To Know About, Soothe Acne, Redness, and Signs of Aging With Viola Tricolor Extract, This Plant-Based Extract Will Leave Your Skin Radiant All Year Round, Find Relief From Facial Redness With This Cooling Clay. Erythritol: Is This Healthy Sweetener the Real Deal? Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 16, 48.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-020-00444-y, Ahmed, M., Hwang, J. H., Choi, S., & Han, D. (2017). Nutrition, Benefits and How To Eat It. Wild jujube fruit juice is no longer one of the candy's ingredients, but wild jujube extract offers all the benefits of the whole fruit in a convenient form. Jujube tree will flower around June and bear fruit 2 months later. A specific gastrointestinal benefit of jujube is relief from chronic constipation. The earlier text describes it as being a blood-nourisher, sleep aid, and support for the digestive system. Share on Facebook . Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota modulatory effects of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) What it is, what it looks like, nutrition facts, health benefits and how to eat it. Talk to your doctor if youre taking any of these medications and also want to eat this jujube fruit or its extracts.. Youre exposed to free radicals from air pollution, cigarette smoke, and sunlight. Here are some other interesting facts about the jujube plant: Like other dried fruits, such as dates and dried berries, jujube fruit contains plenty of essential vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin C and manganese. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.014, Worley S. L. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5160, Goli-malekabadi, N., Asgary, S., Rashidi, B., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Ghannadian, M., Hajian, S., & Sahebkar, A. These various health benefits are attributed to the jujubosides, flavonoids, terpenes, and saponins phytochemicals present in jujubes. Some of these compounds have antioxidant properties. Traditionally used in Chinese medicine, Jujube is still used today to treat digestive disorders, high blood pressure, inflammation, fever, insomnia, and skin infections. The company also made made three acquisitions in 2022, including Vios, as well as genomics company Phosphorus Labs , adding genetic testing and carrier screening to its end-to-end care delivery model; and Alternative . 5. san antonio housing authority login . By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. This discovery shows that jujube fruit may be helpful for the gut when used as a prebiotic. Ziziphus jujuba extract for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation: a controlled clinical trial. https://doi.org/10.1159/000190975, Ogobuiro I, Gonzales J, Tuma F. (2021) Physiology, Gastrointestinal. They also contain high levels of vitamin C, which acts as an antioxidant as well (4). How do you eat jujube fruit? How Chinese red dates can benefit your health. However, dried jujubes, which are more commonly eaten and used in cooking in many parts of the world, are much higher in sugar and calories than the fresh fruit. Currently, Kindbody today is the fertility benefits provider for 112 companies, covering more than 2.4 million lives. May improve sleep. Most of the health benefits of red dates tea are from its vitamin C content, which is essential for maintaining good vision.13, The high amounts of pantothenic acid in red date tea increase the energy levels in your body, making it an excellent choice for people suffering from chronic fatigue or lethargy.14, Red dates arerichin cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which has the effect of dilating blood vessels and improving blood supply to the kidneys. Try makingHomemade Jujube and Ginger Tea using dried jujubes, which is very calming and delicious. It belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and is a deciduous fruit tree that is one of the oldest cultivated trees in the world. Vitamin C is also key to healthy skin and hair, whilehelping heal wounds and injuries to the bodymore quickly. Formul. * They also support optimal sleep patterns and provide nourishment to the entire body. This why its also commonly known as the red date or Chinese date. Benefits, Nutrition, Uses & How It Compares vs. Blackberries. Also, theyre a concentrated source of sugar, so you should limit them in your diet. Trad. A 3,000-year-old Chinese text contains a collection of poems that mention that the Jujube fruit is picked in August and rice is harvested in October.. Experts say that you may also want to avoid eating jujube fruit if you take antidepressant drugs like venlafaxine. The health benefits of red dates tea include boosting the immune system, improving blood circulation, lowering blood pressure, skin rejuvenation, and digestion relief.1, Chinese red dates are composed of dried jujube fruit (red dates). jujube benefits for fertility. Jujube fruit is the best bet for a person suffering from arthritis, as it works well to provide relief and lessen swelling in joints. Species at-risk list. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.
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